Abstract
Cancer metastasis remains a leading cause of mortality, underscoring the urgent need for biomarkers enabling early detection to improve patient outcomes. This translational study reviews emerging microbiome-related biomarkers, focusing on their potential in identifying metastatic progression across various cancers. Key findings highlight circulating microbiome DNA (cmDNA) and specific bacterial taxa, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, as promising indicators. Mechanisms involve microbial modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune evasion. Translational strategies, including spatial omics technologies, bridge basic research to clinical applications, offering diagnostic models with high sensitivity for early-stage detection and recurrence prediction. Challenges in standardization and validation are discussed, with future directions emphasizing microbiome-targeted interventions.
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